iMLS-IMMUNOLOGY

Hypersensitivity is a normal but exaggerated or uncontrolled immune response to an antigen that can produce inflammation, cell destruction, or tissue injury. It can be classified as immediate hypersensitivity (which is antibody mediated) and delayed hypersensitivity (cell mediated).

The hallmark of autoimmune disease is tissue injury caused by T lymphocytes or antibody reactivity to “immunologic” self. Immune activation may be initiated by infection or by activation of the immune system in the absence of an external threat.

Mid-spectrum autoimmune disorders include: Cardiovascular, Collagen Vascular Diseases, Endocrine gland diseases, Pancreatic disease, adrenal gland disease, reproductive disease, Exocrine gland diseases, Gastrointestinal diseases.

In this lecture, the following autoimmune disorders are discussed: Autoimmune Hepatitis, Idiopathic Biliary Cirrhosis Inflammatory Bowel Disease Autoimmune Hematologic Diseases Neuromuscular Diseases Autoimmune Renal Diseases, etc

SLE is a multisystem autoimmune disorder that can affect the skin, joints, and almost any organ, including the lungs, kidneys, heart, and brain. Systemic lupus may include periods in which few, if any, symptoms are evident (remission) and other times when the disease becomes more active (fare).

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is the classic model of an autoimmune disease. Different forms of Lupus include: 1. Discoid (cutaneous) lupus: always limited to the skin, it does not generally involve the body’s internal organs but can evolve into the systemic form of the disease. The ANA test may be negative or positive at a low titer 2. Drug-induced lupus: most commonly associated with hydralazine hydrochloride and procainamide hydrochloride. The ANAs are particularly to histone. 3. Neonatal Lupus: Neonatal lupus is associated with acquired of maternal autoantibodies, specifically anti-Ro/SS-A or anti-La/ SS-B, that can affect the skin, heart, and blood of the fetus and newborn. Neonatal lupus is not systemic lupus. 4. SLE is usually more severe than discoid lupus. It is a multisystem autoimmune disorder that can affect the skin, joints, and almost any organ, including the lungs, kidneys, heart, and brain. Systemic lupus may include periods in which few, if any, symptoms are evident (remission) and other times when the disease becomes more active (fare).

IIF-ANA PATTERNS include: Homogenous, speckled, peripheral, nucleolar, discrete..

Rheumatic diseases are the combination of inflammatory diseases that affect joints, they are among the oldest diseases recognized, but the cause of RA remains unknown. The prevalence of arthritis increases significantly with age, Obesity, overweight and physical inactivity. Females are more likely than males to suffer from arthritis.

Precipitation and agglutination are unlabeled immunoassays. These assay methods produce a visible expression of the aggregation of antigens and antibodies.

Precipitation and agglutination are unlabeled immunoassays. These assay methods produce a visible expression of the aggregation of antigens and antibodies. Precipitation is the term for the aggregation of soluble test antigens. Precipitation is the combination of soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce a visible insoluble complex. Agglutination is the process whereby specific antigens (e.g., RBCs) aggregate to form larger visible clumps when the corresponding specific antibody is present in the serum. The IgM class of antibodies is the best at agglutination and precipitation.

Immunologic disorders can be divided into primary, secondary, and other types of disorders mediated through immune mechanisms.

Primary immune deficiency disorders (PIDs) are a group of chronic disorders in which a genetic error related to the body’s immune system is missing or functions improperly. These unusual autosomal or X-linked hereditary disorders of the innate or adaptive immune system are usually monogenic disorders affecting host defenses.

AIDS is the best-known immunodeficiency. Patients with AIDS exhibit some of the most severe manifestations of cell-mediated immunity.

AIDS is the best-known immunodeficiency. Patients with AIDS exhibit some of the most severe manifestations of cell-mediated immunity

The term hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver.

Viral hepatitis is the most common liver disease worldwide. The viral agents of acute hepatitis can be divided into two major groups, as follows:

• Primary hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, E, and G

• Secondary hepatitis viruses: EBV, CMV, herpesvirus, and others

As a clinical disease, hepatitis can occur in acute or chronic forms. The signs and symptoms of hepatitis are extremely variable. It can be mild, transient, and completely asymptomatic, or it can be severe, prolonged, and ultimately fatal. Many fatalities are attributed to hepatocellular carcinoma, of which hepatitis viruses B and C are the primary causes. The course of viral hepatitis can take one of four forms: acute, fulminant acute, sub-clinical without jaundice, and chronic